La ‘segunda era’ del podcasting: replantear el podcasting como un nuevo medio de comunicación digital

Palabras clave: Radio, podcasting, radio pública, economía política, radiodifusión

Resumen

Este paper intentará analizar la historia del podcasting como una práctica cultural de producción y consumo de contenido sonoro digital. Después de una revisión de estudios previos que examinan la tecnología, se argumentará que el podcasting ha entrado en una nueva etapa de su evolución, en la que empieza a generar un mercado que ya no es simplemente complementario a la radio, sino una alternativa, desde que avanza hacia la profesionalización de la producción y la normalización del consumo. A esta etapa, llamaré “la segunda era del podcasting”, que se distingue por la transformación del podcasting en una práctica de producción comercial y un medio de consumo masivo, que comenzó en los Estados Unidos en 2012, con el lanzamiento de los primeros modelos de negocio que pudieron soportar la producción y el consumo independientes de contenido sonoro distribuido a través de podcasting.

Biografía del autor/a

Tiziano Bonini, Università di Siena

Doutor em Mídia, Comunicação e Esfera Pública e professor associado de Estudos de Mídia e Comunicação no Departamento de Ciências Sociais, Políticas e Cognitivas da Universidade de Siena, na Itália. Vice-coordenador da Radio Research Section da European Communication Research and Education Association (ECREA), co-organizou as coletâneas Radio audiences and participation in the age of network society (Routledge, 2015) e La radio in Italia (Carocci, 2013) e publicou o livro Così lontano, così vicino. Tattiche mediali per abitare lo spazio (Ombre Corte, 2010). Trabalhou em diversas emissoras italianas, como Rai Radio2 e Radio24, produzindo radiodocumentários, além de ter colaborado com rádios comunitárias, universitárias e independentes, como a lendária Radio Popolare, de Milão. 

Citas

BARNOUW, E. A History of Broadcasting in the United States. Vol. III, The Image Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.

BBC marks 10 years of podcasting with record figures, BBC, 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2014/10years-podcasting.> Acesso: 20 mar. 2015.

BERRY, R. Will the iPod kill the radio star? Profiling podcasting as radio. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, v.12, n.2, p. 143-162, 2006.

BLANCO, S. El Podcast: Situación actual en el mundo hispanohablante. In: Jornadas Internacionales de Jóvenes Investigadores en Comunicación, XIII, Zaragoza, 2006.

BONINI, T. La Radio nella Rete. Storia, estetica, usi sociali. Milan: Costa & Nolan, 2006.

BONINI, T. The Listener as Producer: the rise of the networked listener. In BONINI, T., MONCLÚS, B. (ed.). Radio Audiences and Participation in the Age of Network Society. Londres: Routledge, 2015.

CALDWELL, D. San Francisco’s KYCY to broadcast podcast, Bizjournals, abr. 2005. Disponível em: <http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2005/04/25/daily33.html.> Acesso: 20 mar. 2015.

CAMPBELL, G. Podcasting in education. Educause Rev, n. 5, p. 33-44, edição nov.-dez., 2005.

CHAFIN, C. Since 2004 this small team has been crushing the podcasting competition, Fast Company, jan. 2015. Disponível em: <http://www.fastcompany.com/3041055/since-2004-this-small-team-has-been-crushing-the-podcasting-competition.> Acesso: 20 mar. 2015.

CROFTS, S., FOX, M., RETSEMA, A., WILLIAMS, B. Podcasting: A new technology in search of viable business models. First Monday, v.10, n.9, 2005. Disponível em: <http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1273/1193.> Acesso: 20 mar. 2015.

DEARMAN, P., GALLOWAY, C. Putting Podcasting into Perspective. In HEALY, S., BERRYMAN, B., GOODMAN, D. (ed.). Radio in the World: 2005 Melbourne Radio Conference. Melbourne: RMIT University Press, 2005.

DELUCIA, F. Il podcasting, una “bypass’ technology”. In BONINI, T. (ed.). La Radio in Italia. Storia, mercati, formati, pubblici, tecnologie. Roma: Carocci, 2013. Conteúdo exclusivo online, disponível em: <http://www.carocci.it/index.php?option=com_carocci&task=schedalibro&Itemid=72&isbn=9788843068036.> Acesso: 22 abr. 2020.

DUBBER, A. Radio in the digital age. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013.

EBU. Why it works. 28 case histories of successful European public radio programmes. EBU Annual Report, 2011. Geneve: EBU Press, 2011.

ECKSTEIN, J. M. Sound reason: Radiolab and the micropolitics of podcasting. Tese de doutorado. University of Denver, 2013. Disponível em: <http://digitaldu.coalliance.org/fedora/repository/codu%3A66890/Eckstein_denver_0061D_10836.pdf/Eckstein_denver_0061D_10836.pdf. > Acesso: 20 mar. 2015.

FERNÁNDEZ SANDE, M. Radio Ambulante: Narrative Radio Journalism in the Age of Crowdfunding. In: BONINI, T., MONCLÚS, B. (ed.). Radio Audiences and Participation in the Age of Network Society, London: Routledge, 2015.

FRIEDMAN, A. The economics of the podcast boom, Columbia Journalism Review, mar. 2015. Disponível em: <http://www.cjr.org/first_person/the_economics_of_the_podcast_boom.php.> Acesso: 21 mar. 2015.

GALLEGO, N. La tecnología resucita la radio artesanal. El podcasting: una moda en expansión. Telos, n. 65, 2005.

GALLEGO PÉREZ, J. Podcasting in Spain: A new business model or a reflection of traditional radio? Radio Journal: International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media, v.10, n.1, p. 23-34, 2012.

GLASER, M. Will NPR’s podcasts birth a new business model for public radio? Online Journalism Review, nov. 2005. Disponível em: <https://cutt.ly/LyCSPRV>.

GREENFIELD, R. The (surprisingly profitable) rise of podcast networks, Fast Company, set. 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.fastcompany.com/3035954/most-creative-people/the-surprisingly-profitable-rise-of-podcast-networks.> Acesso: 20 mar. 2015.

HAMMERSLEY, B. Audible Revolution, Media Guardian, fev. 2004. Disponível em: <http://technology.guardian.co.uk/online/story/0,3605,1145689,00.html.> Acesso: 12 mar. 2015.

HARRIS, H., PARK, S. Educational usages of podcasting. British Journal of Educational Technology, v.39, n.3, p. 548-551, 2008.

HEISE, N. On the shoulders of giants? How audio podcasters adopt, transform and re-invent radio storytelling, MOOC Transnational Radio Stories, 2014. Disponível em: <https://hamburgergarnele.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/podcasts_heise_public.pdf. > Acesso: 2 mar. 2015.

JAFFE, H. NPR Leads The Way in Podcasting, Washingtonian, 2006. Disponível em: <http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/people/npr-leads-the-way-in-podcasting/.> Acesso: 6 abr. 2015.

LARSON, S. Invisibilia and the evolving art of radio, The New Yorker, Jan. 2015. Disponível em: <http://www.newyorker.com/culture/sarah-larson/invisibilia-evolving-art-radio.> Acesso: 20 mar. 2015.

LÜDERS, M. Conceptualizing personal media. New Media & Society, v.10, n.5, p. 683-702, 2008.

McGARR, O. A review of podcasting in higher education: Its influence on the traditional lecture. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, v.25, n.3, p. 309-321, 2009.

MADSEN, V. Voices-Cast: A report on the new audiosphere of podcasting with specific insights for public broadcasting. in:Australian and New Zealand Communication Association Conference. ANZCA, 2009. p. 1191-1210. .

MARKMAN, K. M. Doing radio, making friends, and having fun: Exploring the motivations of independent audio podcasters. New Media & Society, v.14, n.4, p. 547-565, 2012.

MARKMAN, K. M., SAWYER, C. E. Why Pod? Further Explorations of the Motivations for Independent Podcasting. Journal of Radio & Audio Media, v.21, n.1, p. 20-35, 2014.

MASSARELLI, V., PERROTTA, M. Podcasting: A change for listeners, a challenge for broadcasters. In: FOLLMER, G., THIERMANN, S. (ed.). Relating Radio. Communities. Aesthetics. Access. Leipzig: Spector, 2006.

McHUGH, S. Oral history and the radio documentary/feature: Introducing the 'COHRD'form. Radio Journal: International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media, v.10, n.1, p. 35-51, 2012.

MENDUNI, E. Four steps in innovative radio broadcasting: From QuickTime to podcasting. Radio Journal: International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media, v.5, n. 1, p. 9-18, 2007.

MILLETTE, M. Independent Podcasting as a Specific Online Participative Subculture: a case study of Montreal’s podcasters. In: AoIR Conference, Montreal University, outubro de 2011.

MULLIN, B. Inside NPR’s podcasting strategy, Poynter, mar. 2015. Disponível em: <http://www.poynter.org/news/mediawire/328489/inside-nprs-podcasting-strategy/.> Acesso: 1 abr. 2015.

MURRAY, S. Servicing “self-scheduling consumers”: Public broadcasters and audio podcasting. Global media and Communication, v.5, n.2, p. 197-219, 2009.

O’DONOVAN, C. This American Life tries to turn its radio audience onto podcasting with its new show Serial, Nieman Lab, out. 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.niemanlab.org/2014/10/this-american-life-tries-to-turn-its-radio-audience-onto-podcasting-with-its-new-show-serial/.> Acesso: 20 mar. 2015.

PÉREZ ALAEJOS, M. D. L. P. M., LÓPEZ MERAYO, A. Entre ondas y bits: el podcasting en las redes nacionales de radio españolas. Revista Comunicação Midiática, v.8, n.3, 2013.

PLUNKETT, J. The Archers Tops BBC Podcast List, The Guardian, out. 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/oct/15/the-archers-bbc-podcast-list-radio-4.> Acesso: 20 mar. 2015.

RAINIE, L., MADDEN, M. Podcasting catches on. Pew Internet & American Life Project, abr. 2005. Disponível em: <https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2005/04/03/podcasting-catches-on/ > Acesso: Mai. 2020.

RANDALL, E. New York Times Cancelling Most Podcast, The Atlantic Wire, Dez. 2011. Disponível em: <http://www.theatlanticwire.com/business/2011/12/new-york-times-cancelling-most-podcasts/46691/.> Acesso: 6 abr. 2015.

RIBES, X. Los emisores de radio del Estado Español en Internet: las bitcasters. Tese de doutorado. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 2001.

ROOSE, K. What’s Behind the Great Podcast Renaissance?, NYMag, out. 2014. Disponível em: <http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/10/whats-behind-the-great-podcast-renaissance.html.> Acesso: 20 mar. 2015.

SEARLS, D. DIY Radio with Podcasting, IT Garage, 28/9/2004.

SEBASTIAN, M. Will Podcast 'Golden Age' Unlock Brand Advertising Budgets?, Advertising Age, fev 2015. Disponível em: <http://adage.com/article/digital/podcast-golden-age-unlock-brand-advertising-budgets/297299/.> Acesso: 20 mar. 2015.

SELLAS, T. A two-dimensional approach to the study of podcasting in Spanish talk radio stations. Radio Journal: International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media, v.10, n.1, p. 7-22, 2012.

SPINELLI, M. Democratic rhetoric and emergent media. The marketing of participatory community on radio and the Internet. International Journal of Cultural Studies, v.3, n.2, p. 268-278, 2000.

STERNE, J., MORRIS, J., BAKER, M. B., FREIRE, A. M. The politics of podcasting, Fibreculture Journal, n. 13, 2008. Disponível em: <http://thirteen.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-087-the-politics-of-podcasting/>. Acesso: 15 mar. 2015.

STEUER, E. Roman Mars: the man who’s building a podcasting empire, Wired, jan. 2015. Disponível em: <http://www.wired.com/2015/01/podcaster-roman-mars/.> Acesso: 20 mar. 2015.

Publicado
2020-07-03
Cómo citar
Bonini, T. (2020). La ‘segunda era’ del podcasting: replantear el podcasting como un nuevo medio de comunicación digital. Radiofonias – Revista De Estudios En Medios Sonoros, 11(1). Recuperado a partir de https://periodicos.ufop.br/radiofonias/article/view/4315
Sección
Dossiê - Podcasting e a remediação da linguagem radiofônica